Table of signs
The graphematic transcription uses one conventional character per sign of the manuscript. This table, by Paolo Monella, maps each transcription character to the sign it stands for (from GToS.csv in the source repository).
| Sign | Alphabeme(s) | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
a | a | Alphabetic | |
b | b | Alphabetic | |
c | c | Alphabetic | |
d | d | Alphabetic | |
e | e | Alphabetic | The grapheme has many allographs depending on the ligature. For example, allograph e2.png is often found in the common ligature & for et. |
æ | ae | Alphabetic | This is an e caudatum: an e grapheme with a tail on the bottom left or left side. It is often (but not always) used to represent the diphthong ae, which is often represented by a simple e grapheme elsewhere in the manuscript. It has one allograph (see image ecaudatum1.png) with the tail underneath the body of the grapheme, turning right, and a second allograph (ecaudatum2.png) with the tail on the left of the body (mostly in ligatures). |
f | f | Alphabetic | |
g | g | Alphabetic | |
h | h | Alphabetic | |
i | i | Alphabetic | |
k | k | Alphabetic | First found in 5r.a.9 when transliterating a Greek word in Latin. |
l | l | Alphabetic | |
m | m | Alphabetic | |
n | n | Alphabetic | |
o | o | Alphabetic | |
p | p | Alphabetic | |
q | q | Alphabetic | |
r | r | Alphabetic | |
s | s | Alphabetic | |
t | t | Alphabetic | Allograph t2.png is normally found at the end of the word (e.g. in the common ligature & for et). |
u | u | Alphabetic | |
x | x | Alphabetic | |
y | y | Alphabetic | |
z | z | Alphabetic | Found only once in 3r.b.26 (the instance shown in the image in this row). |
(space) | Space | Space to separate graphic words. | |
. | Punctuation | Full stop, written on the base line. | |
· | Punctuation | Middle dot, written at middle heigth. | |
| | Punctuation | It looks like a comma, written from the middle to the base line. I think that the glyph in image punct_triangle.png (found in 1r.a.18) is an allograph. | |
⸟ | Punctuation | Punctuation sign for interrogative sentences. The ink is faded, but it seems to look like a tilde with one dot below only (not with two dots, as it usually is in the Beneventan script). | |
: | Punctuation | Punctuation sign looking like a modern colon (:). | |
ł | Punctuation | Punctuation sign looking like a modern semicolon (;). It has a bigger vertical size, and a completely different meaning, than the semicolon-like abbreviation mark encoded here with ;. | |
ï | Punctuation | This punctuation sign is composed by a comma with two dots above it, in a horizontal row (so a comma with a diaeresis above). | |
¦ | Punctuation | This punctuation sign is composed by a comma with two dots above it, in a vertical row. It is used starting from folio 2v, column a, line 35 and seems to be due to the second hand, that writes in black ink. The graphemes encoded with ł, ï and ¦ might alternatively be considered three allographs of the same grapheme. | |
8 | Abbreviation mark | Written over another grapheme, mostly for a missing m (or n). Another option for visualization could be 🎗 | |
2 | Abbreviation mark | Written over another grapheme, mostly for a missing s or m, resembling a 2 (or a r rotunda). Other options for visualization could be ≀ or ⸊. | |
7 | Abbreviation mark | Written over another grapheme, mostly for a missing m. | |
¯ | Abbreviation mark | Macron/tilde over one or more graphemes (over n it means non; over c it means cum or con, etc.). | |
; | Abbreviation mark | It looks like a modern semicolon (;), written on the right of a final letter (mostly q; for que and b; for bus). It has a smaller vertical size, and a completely different meaning, than the semicolon-like punctuation mark encoded here with ł. | |
ų | u | Abbreviation mark | A small u written over a q. The q-with-ų-above abbreviation means qu. It might alternatively be considered a simple u grapheme added above the line, however it is normally written directly above the q, not in superscript position between the q and the next grapheme. |
þ | per | Brevigraph | p with a horizontal stroke crossing the descending trait. |
ŋ | pro | Brevigraph | p mostly written with a tail originating from the round trait of the p on the bottom left side (allograph brev_pro1.png) but also with a separate asterisk or another mark on the same side (allograph brev_pro2.png). |
¢ | qui | Brevigraph | q with a horizontal stroke crossing the descending trait. |
÷ | est | Logograph | A dash or tilde with one dot above and a comma below, meaning the whole linguistic word est. |